1．5. 2 The Procedure of Expressing表达
The task in this stage is to convey the well understood contents to the reader faithfully and smoothly．This is a very complex process because a translator has to think about manifold factors and relations，and deal with a lot of contradictions and difficulties，such as the relationships between“faithfulness”and“smoothness” ，“readers”and“writers” ，“cultures”and“languages” ，etc．，among which faithful and smooth conveyance is the key point．For this point，we should well cope with the following．
First，correctly handle the relation between faithfulness and expressiveness．The two points are contradictory but dialectically identical．Both exist and develop with each other，and make your version perfect．Expressiveness is a kind of property of a language and objective reality．Faithfulness or accuracy is the translators＇aim．We cannot neglect both points or show partiality to either side．
Second，correctly handle the relation between content and form．Actually，translation consists in a reunification of the content and form of a work on a new linguistic basis．The so-called“form”is generally made up of types of works，structures，characters，rhetoric devices，etc．，which should be shown in translating，apart from the content of a work．Therefore we should keep our translation faithful in content and form．That is to say，if possible，we try to not only convey “what the work says” ，but also express “how it expresses” ．Meanwhile，we should notice the factor that “This process is one in which content and form are mutually transferred．Some elements of content are to be elevated into form; some elements of form put into content．Of course，there are also some elements of form which are nowhere to be seen，nor are they put into content．That is sacrifice．Why is it possible for content and form to be mutually transferred on a new foundation of language？It is because，judging from the perspective of aesthetics，elements of form are always no more than the externalization of elements of content whereas the latter are often the internalization of the former．The linguistic forms that are originally accurate，distinct，vivid and natural in the original language may not go to the same extent when copied into the target language．In such a case，therefore，it is necessary to read just the relation between content and form on the new basis of language．”(张今: 1987，转引自《汉英双向翻译学语林》，山东大学出版社，2001)
Third，correctly handle the relation between faithfulness and creation．In translating，we should be firstly faithful to the original．In other words，our version has to be faithful on the basis of the original work，and respect the author and the language he uses，not follow our inclination in translation．On the other hand，we should notice that there are a lot of differences between English and Chinese，which exist in both languages and cultures．This brings many difficulties to us translators，and needs creation in translating．Creation in translating，in fact，exists in language．We have to create the parts that do not exist in either language．Strictly speaking，it is a secondary creation．“Translation is also a secondary creation，so of course，also an art．It is even truer of the case in which Chinese is used to translate a foreign language that is so different in nature．It is definite，first of all，that to translate is not to‘copy’ ．Neither is it a report．It is，instead，a kind of creation after he converts the thoughts and feelings in the original into those of his own．What makes this different from the creation by the original author is that the restriction of the original work is imposed upon the translator，but he has to employ his creative power，under such conditions，to give the original creation a new life．”(焦菊隐: 1951，转引自《汉英双向翻译学语林》，山东大学出版社，2001)