Amplification，also called addition，is a process in which the original has to be translated into Chin ese faithfully and smoothly by amplifying some wor ds on the basis of rhetorical and grammatical requ irements，and of accurate comprehension of the orig inal as well．According to the principles in transl ation，we are not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work．Howev er，in practice，it is very necessary for us to empl oy the technique of amplification．This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different lan guages and each has its own historical and cultura l background．Therefore，many ideas，idiomatic expres sions and shorthand words，etc．that are well unders tood in the country of their origin can hardly mak e sense to people of the other country．In this cas e，it is unmanageable for a translator to strick to the original pattern without alteration．Consequen tly amplification is adopted in dealing with such occasions．In principle，we should follow two points for the technique of amplification．One is to ampl ify something that does n ＇t exist in the original but exists in meaning according to the context，lo gical relationship and habits in writing．The other is to amplify the parts omitted in the original．I n order to better manipulate the both languages in translating，we handle this method in a practical way．

2．2．4．1　Requirements in rhetoric，logic or meaning修辞、逻辑、意义等方面的需要

1)Amplification of Chinese verbs

In the evening，after the banquets，the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communique．

　晚上，在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

There were no speeches，no foreign diplomats，no ordinary Chinese with paper flags and bouquets of flowers．

　没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有普通中国人挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。

He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech．

　他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

Comments Because of the differences between Englis h and Chinese in sentence structure，thinking and e ven cultures，some parts are usually omitted in Eng lish sentences．In the first sentence，the word“afte r”can be followed by its several objects，which are related to various topics．In spite of the preposi tion“after”used in sentence one，it implies a kind of action．In this sense，it is necessary for a tran slator to amplify Chinese verbs．In addition，Englis h writing often contains several subjects or objec ts．“There be”construction in English may contain m ore than two subjects which may refer to several d ifferent contents．In Chinese language，however，we h ave to use different verbs to express different ac tions．The second example is the case．In the third sentence，the Chinese verbs致and宣布are amplified for the requirement in logic and meaning．

2)Amplification of Chinese adverbs

The crowds melted away．

　人群渐渐散开了。

As he sat down and began talking，words poured out．

　他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection，but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own．(Ann Blackmore: Lambing Time)

　原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。

Comments Through reading the first two examples，we clearly notice that English verb phrases“melted away”and“poured out”connote the meanings of渐渐and滔滔不绝地in Chinese．So we，while translating，necessarily amplify the deep meaning or suggested concepts of English words，phrases，and even sentences．In the last sentence，the tense in the two clauses is quite different，but Chinese language has no such feature．In order to make the meaning smooth and faithful，it is necessary to add an adverb现在in Chinese．

3)Amplification of Chinese nouns

Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia．

　玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。

First you borrow，then you beg．

　头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。

At 8: 30 every morning，she came to her work—sweeping，and scrubbing and cleaning．

　每天上午8点30分，她都来干活——扫地、拖地板、收拾房子。

Comments In English，objects are sometimes omitted，and sometimes unnecessarily to be added in sentenc es．In this case，the object should be amplified in Chinese version．On the other hand，English language has intransitive verbs，which cannot be followed b y their objects．In this case，we may add the object s covered in Chinese．The first two sentences are t he case．Here are more examples to show this: Wash before meal．饭前洗手。Wash after getting up．起床洗脸。Wash b efore going to bed．睡前洗脚。Although the three verbs i n the last sentence are transitive verbs，they are -ing forms showing different actions．So we should add nouns to express these actions in order to have clear Chinese．

This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine．

　这部打字机真是价廉物美。

He is a complicated man—moody，mercurial，with a melancholy streak．

　他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复多变，有些郁郁寡欢。

Comments Adjectives in English are used to express the features of things or characteristics of persons．When we translate adjectives，we necessarily amplify Chinese nouns before them according to their subjects and modifiers．

Oxidization will make iron and steel rust．

　氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。

　persuasion说服工作　　preparation准备工作　tension紧张局势

　backwardness落后状态　madness疯狂行为　　　arrogance自满情绪

He felt the patriot rise within his breast．

　他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

He allowed the husband to be overruled bythe judge，and declared his wife guilty．

　他让法官的职责战胜了丈夫的角色，而判决他的妻子有罪。

Comments In order to keep with the Chinese habits of expression，Chinese nouns are added after English abstract nouns．

4)Clearly express English plurals

Correspondents went flying off to Baghdad for interview last month．

　上个月，记者纷纷飞到巴格达进行采访。

In spite of the difficulties，we succeeded in finishing the task．

　尽管有各种困难，我们仍成功地完成了任务。

There were rows of houses which he had never seen before．

　一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见到过的。

The lion is the king of animals．

　狮子是百兽之王。

The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men．

　大地震动，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。

Comments By comparison，plural forms of nouns only exist in English language，in Chinese we need to ad d some words or phrases else to express plural for ms．This difference requires us to clearly express English plurals by amplifying necessary words or p hrases．In the first three examples，English words“c orrespondents” ，“difficulties” ，and “rows”are plur al forms．So we use纷纷，各种，一排排to express plural conce pts．Sometimes we may use Chinese numerals and othe r phrases to express English plurals．The last two examples show us this method．Here are more example s like this: mountains群山，flowers朵朵鲜花，white clouds朵朵白云．

5)Add Chinese modal particles

Don＇t take it seriously．I＇m just making fun of you．

　不要认真嘛!我不过开开玩笑罢了。

The eyes were the same color as the sea，cheerful and undefeated．

　那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快而毫不沮丧。

　时间过得可真快啊!

Comments There are many modal particles in Chinese like吧，呢，呀，吗，啦，etc．We should correctly and properly use them after reading and figuring out the original with great care when we translate imperative，exclamatory，emphatic sentences and even common ones with this sense．

6)Add Chinese classifier measure words

A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea．

　一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon．

　一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。

A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river．

　一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。

　a bike一辆自行车　　　　a tractor一台拖拉机　a full moon一轮满月

　a typewriter一架打字机　a mouth一张嘴　　　　a bad dream一场噩梦

Look before you leap．

　三思而后行。

The essence retains its identity while appearances may vary．

　万变不离其宗。

Comments First of all we should know there are no classifier measure words in English．But we Chinese often use them to qualify nouns．This difference r equires us to carefully add them in Chinese versio n．This method is much easier for us to handle in t ranslating．However，some beginners cannot correctly use Chinese classifier measure words when coming across them．Unfortunately，they do not take this as pect seriously．For instance，the version of“a sheep ” is一群羊，一头羊or一只羊?We have to decide which is better or your favourite in actual translation．Note that we avoid ridiculous collocations in amplification ．The last two sentences are different cases and th ere is not any numeral in the original，but sometim es we should follow the features of Chinese langua ge naturally，esp．Chinese idioms and set phrases if necessary．

7)Add Chinese generalized words

Thus he grew in both body and soul．

　这样，他身心两方面都成长起来了。

China，the United States，England and France are members of the UN Security Council．

　中、美、英、法四国是联合国安理会成员国。

You and I should not do such a thing．

　你我二人不该干这种事。

This country is militarily，politically and economically strong．

　这个国家在军事、政治、经济等各方面都很强大。

The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification，amplification，oscillation，modulation and detection．

　真空管的五大主要职能是:整流、放大、振荡、调整和检测。

They talked about inflation，unemployment，financial investment and environmental protection．

　他们谈到了通货膨胀、失业、金融投资以及环境保护等问题。

Comments In Chinese，writers frequently use generalized words to generalize several things paralleled together．The above-mentioned sentences are good examples for us to compare and analyze．

2．2. 4. 2　Requirements in sentence structure句子结构的增词

1)Amplify the elliptical verbs of the original

Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man．

　读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

We don＇t retreat; we never have and never will．

　我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。

Comments In the first original sentence，the verb “makes”is omitted twice．We should amplify the elliptical verb when rendering．The situation is the same in the second example，but this time we should pay attention to the verb tense．Here the verb“retreat”is left out in the original．Therefore，we have to add it in Chinese version．This is a very practical and common technique in translating．

2)Amplify the elliptical part omitted in the original

Students should learn from teachers and vice versa．

　学生应当向老师学习，老师也应当向学生学习。

Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low．

　温度高，水就蒸发得快;温度低，水就蒸发得慢。

The system of job responsibility can be adopted where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise．

　条件成熟的地方可以实行工作责任制，条件不成熟的地方就不要实行。

Mars: Do you love me?

　Jackson: Yes，of course，Ido．

　茉尔斯:你爱我吗?

　杰克逊:是的。当然我爱你。

Comments This is also a very practical and common technique in translating．In the first sentence ，“v ice versa”refers to the way from that just stated，so we have to add the stated part．In the second se ntence，the sense of “Water evaporates less rapidly when it is low”is omitted．“Not otherwise”in the t hird sentence means that the system of job respons ibility can not be adopted where the conditions ar e not ripe．The last example tells us that the cert ain part in answering of the original in English s ometimes is not mentioned in speech，but necessaril y to be amplified in the target language when it a ppears in literary works．But it really depends on the manner of speaking and the context in particul ar．We must show the sense clearly in Chinese versi on．So we conclude that the part omitted in a sente nce should be amplified in Chinese version if necessary．

2．2．4．3　Amplification for logic逻辑性增词

According to scientists，it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil．

　根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。

This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area．

　这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。

Basically，the theory proposed，among other things，that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light…

　就其基本内容而言，这一学说提出的论点包括:光速是宇宙中最快的速度……

Ideally，one day，researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly．

　最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震。

Comments Look at these statements above and we can imagine the effects in Chinese versions without amplified parts．This is a useful and practical method to make versions logically．By amplifying “……的看法” ，“……的大小”，“就其……内容而言” and “最……的情况是” in Chinese，the versions become much more logical and readable．

2．2．4．4　Amplification of necessary cultural background增补背景知识

This great scientist was born in New England．

　这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。

The New York Times，the Guardian，Le Monde，the People＇s Daily and the United Morning Post all reported the nuclear crises in South Asia．

　美国的《纽约时报》、英国的《卫报》、法国的《世界报》、中国的《人民日报》以及新加坡的《联合早报》都对南亚的核危机进行了报道。

Nixon learned that China would welcome a presidential visit．

　尼克松了解到，中国将欢迎美国总统来华访问。

Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for ，“like Aaron＇s rod，with flowers．”(Helen Adams Keller: The Story of My Life)

　后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。

Comments If we do not add or amplify the necessary cultural background，it must be very difficult for the reader to understand each Chinese sentence above．Even the reader feels confused and puzzled about the original．Therefore，we，in translating，should well know the source of quotations，names and places，and the reference to the books and other materials．We should completely understand the original so that we can offer the necessary information to the reader．

2．2．4 Amplification增词翻译

2．2．4　Amplification增词翻译