Speaking of tourism，we think primarily of people who are visiting a particular place for sightseeing，visiting friends and relatives，taking a vacation，and having a good time．They may spend leisure time engaging in various sports，sunbathing，talking，singing，taking rides，touring，reading，or simply enjoying the environment．If we consider the subject further，we may include in our definition of tourism people who are participating in a convention，a business conference，or some other kind of business or professional activity，as well as those who are taking a study tour under an expert guide or doing some kind of scientific research or study．Actually，it is hard to define tourism because different people have different views on it．One has only to consider the multidimensional aspects of tourism and its interaction with other activities to understand why it is difficult to come up with a meaningful definition that will be universally accepted．Anyone who attempts to define tourism or to describe its scope fully has to consider the various groups that participate in and are affected by this industry．Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:the tourist，the business providing tourist goods and services，the government of the host community or area，and the host community．Thus，tourism may be defined as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists，business suppliers，host governments，and communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors．

Francis Bacon wrote in his prose Of Travel ，“Travel，in the younger sort，is a part of education; in the elder，a part of experience．”This idea coincides with an old Chinese saying: A better way to acquire knowledge is to travel ten thousand li rather than read ten thousand volumes．

Travel has always been regarded as a very effective way of obtaining knowledge and enriching lives worldwide．Nowadays，under the pressure of hectic daily life，many people choose to tour outside the home environment or abroad to relax．Almost everyone has some rough idea about tourism．

One of the first attempts to define tourism was made by Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University．They held that tourism should be defined as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents，in so far as they do not lead permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity” ．

In 1981，an international conference on Leisure-Recreation-Tourism，held by the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism and the Tourism Society in Cardiff，formulated a broader definition ，“Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment．Tourism may or may not involve an overnight stay away from home．”

In 1991，the World Tourism Organization endorsed the statement ，“Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure，business or other purposes．”

International tourism is thus defined by the World Tourism Organization as “travel across international borders for more than 24 hours for the purpose of business or pleasure” ．

7．1. 4. 2　Cultural translation and translating culture文化翻译与翻译文化

When we discuss the translation of tourist texts from one language to another，first of all，it is very important to make a distinction between the two terms ，“translating culture”and“cultural translation” ．Translating culture，in a narrow sense，refers to the act of transferring meaning from one specific culture-bearing language to another．Cultural translation refers to a dynamic process where everyone and everything that are a part of the interaction in translation undergoes change，where notions are constructed about other cultures and about oneself．We believe that translating culture is an act only in translation and cultural translation is the understanding and rendering of cultural concepts．Translating tourist texts is not merely translating culture，but also involves cultural translation．In a sense，translating tourist texts means translating the source culture for the reader．

As we know，culture is the “integrated pattern of human knowledge，beliefs，and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations．Culture thus consists of language，ideas，beliefs，customs，taboos，codes，institutions，tools，techniques，works of art，rituals，ceremonies，symbols．”(Stevens，M．A．，et al，2008: 430)Tourist attractions are often deeply rooted in the culture of a country．Every society，on every level，has its own culture influenced by its history．Therefore，the aim of tourist text translating should be not only cultural rendering but also translating culture．

Nowadays people are becoming more and more familiar with the term “cultural tourism” ，which reflects the close relationship between tourism and culture．Tourism is a kind of cultural phenomenon，and cultural communication is the purpose of tourism activities．Firstly，the hope to understand different cultures is the fundamental motive of tourism．People always feel curious about what they are not familiar with．The nature of pursuing newness and beauty urges people to go out for adventures．These adventures bring about cultural exchanges and thus，tourism，as a special industry，comes into being．Secondly，culture is the most important implication of tourist resources．Generally speaking，tourist resources are composed of natural resources and artificial resources．The latter is the reflection of culture，which includes historical relics，festivities，man-made tourist scenery and so on．The natural resources，though from nature，are explored by human beings and characterized by human cultural consciousness．

7．1．4．3　Qualities of tourist texts旅游文本的特性

Tourist texts mainly feature the expressive，the informative and the vocative functions．Their purpose is to introduce the scenic spots，and to convey the related information so as to enable the viewers to understand and enjoy the spots．The expressive function works as the mind of the speaker，the writer，or the originator of the text．He or she uses it to express the feelings irrespective of any response．The core of the informative function is an external aspect，the facts of a topic，that is，reality outside language，including reported ideas or theories．The core of the vocative function is the readership，the addressee．The term“vocative”is used in the sense of“calling upon”readership to act，think or feel，in fact to“react”in the way intended by the text．Nowadays，vocative texts are more often addressed to a readership than a reader．(Newmark，1988: 40-45)．Actually，the vocative function is the goal while the informative function is the premise．This is because tourist texts are some kind of popular reading materials for ordinary people．The purpose is to draw the tourist＇s attention，arouse their interest and give them aesthetic impression，so that they may be persuaded to visit the tourist attraction and gain the knowledge of the nature，culture，history and customs of the tourist attraction after reading the text．Therefore，the vocative function is of utmost importance．

As a result，a number of factors need to be taken into account．As Newmark points out ，“The first factor in all vocative texts is the relationship between the writer and the readership．The second factor is that these texts must be written in a language that is immediately comprehensible to the readership．”(Newmark，1988: 41)However，this effort can be achieved only through the provision of sufficient background information．Before potential visitors make up their minds to go sightseeing，they may want to obtain some relevant information about the tourist destination such as the location，historical importance，and cultural traditions．A detailed，accurate and attractive description will strengthen visitors＇ resolve to go; therefore，to be informative is also another important consideration．According to Newmark，both informative text and vocative text belong to communicative translation，while the expressive text to semantic translation．In his opinion，communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original text in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership(Newmark，1988: 48-49)．At the same time，the expressive function should not be neglected either．As a result of reading a well-translated tourist text，people can sense a national pride and a warm welcome exuding from the host country＇s guidebooks．

Apart from the above-mentioned functions，tourist texts still possess “the aesthetic function”(Chen Hongwei，1998: 273)and the cultural values．Speaking of aesthetic function，it is evident that the tourist text is often very short and well-organized in structure，and succinct and lively in language．As far as the cultural value is concerned，it primarily manifests in three aspects: the inherent values accumulated in natural views like rivers，lakes，mountains and so on; the traditional values long-established in heritage like habits，traditions，practices，social structures，arts and crafts，etc．; and the artificial values held in man-made sights like palaces and temples，imperial tombs and underground museums，architecture and gardens，and others．The translation of such texts is characterized by a special intention but disadvantaged by inadequate cultural equivalents．As we know，the ideal tourist texts should maintain such qualities as being informative，intriguing，realistic，practical，cultural，educational，humorous and even poetic．

Thanks to the above-mentioned qualities and their functions，the translator has to think of “genre conventions”and follows the target reader＇s reading habits and feelings when translating the text．Nord said ，“Genre conventions are the result of the standardization of communication practices．As certain kinds of text are used repeatedly in certain situations with more or less the same function，these texts acquire conventional forms that are sometimes even raised to the status of social norms．”(Nord，2001: 53)In this context，the translation of a tourist text should attach importance to the equivalence of the informative contents and stylistic functions between the original and the translated texts，rather than the equivalence in linguistic forms．

Translation of tourist texts is a kind of publicity activity．Its essence is that the translator should attempt to produce the same effect on the target language readers as is produced by the original on the source language readers．Chinese readers seldom have difficulty in understanding the original because they share the same cultural background with the writer．But cultural discrepancies will hinder foreign readers from understanding those texts properly．Therefore，translators should adopt a proper method to adjust the version so as to help readers apprehend the texts．Otherwise，“they will find the translation requiring so much effort to understand that they are likely to stop reading，unless they are very highly motivated．”(Jin Di ＆ Nida，1984: 102)

To sum up，when translating tourist texts，we are not just dealing with words written in a certain time，space and sociopolitical situation; most importantly is the cultural aspects of the text that we should take into account．There are at least five kinds of influences that we need to consider on the translation of tourist texts from one language to another，and they are:(1)the influence of associative and connotative meanings;(2)the influence of different understandings and thoughts，(3)the influence of metaphors and expressions;(4)the influence of religions and myths; and(5)the influence of values and life style．Therefore，translation of tourist texts should be tourist-oriented，culturespecific，and concept-based．

7．1．4．4　Strategies of translating tourist texts旅游文本翻译的策略

The domesticating strategy was first put forward by Schleimacher，(1838/1963: 47)and developed by Lawrence Venuti(1995: 19-20)．It “entails translating in a transparent，fluent ，‘invisible＇ style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT．”(Munday，2001: 146)In the West ，“the domesticating strategies have been implemented at least since ancient Rome．”“Such strategies find their strongest and most influential advocates in the French and English translation traditions，particularly during the early modern period．”(Baker，ed．2004: 240-244)This is because，in my view，they share much more similarities such as beliefs，traditions，habits，etc．than they do with Asians．Therefore Western scholars and translators preferentially apply domesticating strategies to render texts．They are also used when translating between Chinese and English，for instance，the translation of the place name“the Marco Polo Bridge”for Lugouqiao(卢沟桥)，is a typical example of domesticating．Lugouqiao is a bridge near Beijing with special historical significance．The literal transliteration into“Lugou Bridge”simply tells where it is but the English reader does not know its historical significance and meaning．If it is translated as“the Marco Polo Bridge” ，the English reader may understand it more clearly and more easily．Similarly ，“the Marco Polo Bridge Incident”was a battle between Japan＇s Imperial Army and China＇s National Revolutionary Army，marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War(1937—1945)．This incident happened there and was very similar to the battle at the Marco Polo Bridge in France．Our purpose to translate such texts is to keep it understandable for the TL reader．The tourist-centered approach should be，therefore，considered essential．However，in this translation，the historical incident is found，but the cultural element itself is lost．The reader does not know from the translation the cultural value of the bridge itself，which is an architectural work of eleven arches，restored by the Kangxi Emperor(1662—1722，A．D．)during the Qing Dynasty．

Due to the many voids and differences between Chinese and English，cultural factors are often lost after translating tourist texts．To understand Chinese culture，the translator needs to focus on the many untranslatable words and phrases．These untranslatable words and phrases sometimes can be seen as small signs of what is lost in translation．Take the Chinese term Bao Zheng (包拯)for example，he was a historical Chinese figure in Northern Song Dynasty(960—1127，A．D．)who enforced the law strictly and impartially，impartial and incorruptible，dared to state outright and remonstrate with the emperor．Because of this，he has been called Bao Gong(包公)or Bao Daren(包大人)that shows people＇s respect for him．Nowadays Gong (公)or Daren(大人)in this term is translated into“Lord”and the full name“Lord Bao” ，which refers to a man who has a rank in aristocracy especially in Britain or a man in medieval Europe who was very powerful and owned a lot of land．In this case，the equivalence in form is found between the two languages．Unfortunately，the Chinese cultural elements in it will be lost if we directly and simply translate it because the English word“lord”cannot reflect the people＇s respect for him or tell what Bao Zheng did at that time．Actually this term can be put as“the revered Mr．Bao”or“His Excellency Bao Zheng”which contains the respect for Bao Zheng，but“lord”is ambiguous here．These words embody a rich and varied part of our culture．In this context，we will make every effort to figure out what a tourist destination should have and introduce its culture and history to the reader when translating such tourist texts．Translating tourist texts is a valuable clue to what one culture finds of interest in another，more exactly to what some individuals and groups in a given culture find of interest in another．Therefore，if such terms containing strong historical and cultural implications are superficially put into“Lord Bao” ，connotations among them will be lost in translation．The reader by no means understands what this term should imply．This paper holds that such terms should be translated according to their annotations or connotations，and the tourist-oriented approach should be followed．Perhaps you may ask what the difference is between the domesticating and the tourist-oriented approaches．In fact，they are only slightly different in meaning．The former refers to the translation that the effect of the original term is exactly the same as the effect of the translated version; the latter is a strategy that is fully considerate of the reader，and may employ such methods as addition，deletion and others to satisfy and comply with the reader＇s needs．

In short，the domesticating strategy is an essential way of translating tourist texts，but it cannot solve all the problems existing in culture-specific tourist texts．We need to find the similarities in culture when translating between languages from the East and the West．The advantages of domesticating include maintaining the terseness of the TL text，obtaining an understanding of the SL text，and gaining the interest of the TL reader．The biggest weakness is that the cultural and historical elements of the original text could be lost in translation．

“Foreignizing entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language．”(Venuti，1997: 242; Baker，ed．2004: 242)．As far as the foreignizing strategy is concerned，it should center on the cultural and historical items underlying the tourist text．In other words，we should stick to the culture-specific strategies when translating the text．In principle，faithfulness is the top priority in translating tourist texts．This is because such translation should be faithful to the central ideas of the SL text such as cultural background，historical facts，geographical settings，aesthetic values，man-made attractions and natural landscapes．In order to adhere to faithfulness，as far as Chinese texts are concerned，the foreignizing strategy is primarily employed．According to Venuti，“Strategies in producing translations inevitably emerge in response to domestic cultural situations．But some are deliberately domesticating in their handling of the foreign text，while others can be described as foreignizing，motivated by an impulse to preserve linguistic and cultural differences by deviating from prevailing domestic values．”(Venuti，1995: 240-244)In actual translation，we usually use pinyin to translate some culturespecific items indicating names，places or events．The Peking opera，for example，is a traditional Chinese opera form that dates back to the year 1790 when four local opera troupes of Anhui Province came to Beijing on a performance tour on the order of the imperial court．Jiaozi(饺子)，a very popular food，enjoyed by most Chinese is supposed to bring good fortune．Because of semantic voids between Chinese and English，it cannot be simply translated as“dumplings”or“Chinese dumplings” ．This is because dumplings and jiaozi are quite different in meaning and quality．Another typical example is kungfu，or wushu，which is also known in the West．There is no need to domesticate it to translate it into“Chinese martial arts” ．This is because most people in the world have heard of kungfu．Even though the term“Chinese martial arts”is sometimes used，it is impossible to tell the reader about the origin，the function，and the essence of the cultural heritage．It is concluded that the unique items in the ST can be translated by means of the foreignizing strategy．Chinese musical instruments，some dish names and other culturespecific items can be put in pinyin．

Technically，we can use both of the strategies to tackle the cultural elements in translating tourist texts．Tourist texts should be primarily translated by means of foreignizing so as to maintain the original cultural factors．Only in the situation that we cannot deal with do we use the domesticating strategy，in other words，allowing the alien to be seen，or as Schleiermacher famously put it，bringing the reader to the text rather than the other way round．The problem is that if a translation is successful，in the sense of reading it as if it was written in the target language，then its creator and its original culture become invisible．For this reason，the domesticating strategy should be applied as little as possible when translating tourist texts．This is because the purpose of tourist texts is to spread the foreign or different cultures to the reader，and the translator is responsible for disseminating the original culture to the TL reader．

To sum up，the foreignizing strategy is a favorable approach to translating tourist texts．The advantages include revealing the cultural and historical factors of the ST，disseminating the culture and customs of the original，and showing the equality between languages and between cultures．The disadvantages include neglecting the reader＇s emotion and understanding．In other words，the functions of disseminating the ST cultures are found，but the effects of attracting the tourists are likely lost when employing such a strategy．

7．1．4. 5 A new strategy—neutralizing新策略——中立化

Due to the special nature of tourist texts and the functions of their special text types，the translation of tourist texts should serve the purpose of arousing the interest of the TL reader and motivating them to visit the tourist destination described in the text．The translator has more freedom in tourist translation than in other types of translation．

Some theorists and scholars have held that the domesticating and foreignizing strategies cannot be employed together in one text．Andre Lefevere(1992: 149)is of the opinion that domesticating and foreignizing are completely different strategies in translation，and cannot be combined to translate one text．However，this is not feasible in actual practice because our purpose in translating tourist texts is not only to translate the source language into the target language，but also to translate the exotic elements of the SL into the target text．Neither domesticating nor foreignizing can provide the solution to cope with the tourist text．

In fact，the domesticating and the foreignizing are a paradox in translation studies．It is very hard for the translator to clearly distinguish between them and use them in translating．As Sun Yingchun(2004: 67)said ，“As for the priority of the domesticating or that of the foreignizing strategies used in translation，it is probably inappropriate to say which is prior before the specific translation is analyzed．This is because translation is an act of intention or skopos and its purpose constantly changes with the specific situation．”So does the translation of tourist texts．

According to Nida(1986)，no translation is ever completely equivalent．A number of different translations can in fact represent varying degrees of equivalence．This means that“equivalence”cannot be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity，but only in terms of proximity，i．e．on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity．

Functional equivalence implies a different degree of adequacy from minimal to maximal effectiveness on the basis of both cognitive and experiential factors．A minimal，realistic definition of functional equivalence could be stated as“The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it．”Anything less than this degree of equivalence should be unacceptable．A maximal，ideal definition could be stated as“The readers of a translated text should be able to essentially understand and appreciate it in the same manner as the original readers did．”(Nida，2001: 87)The maximal definition implies a high degree of language-culture correspondence between the source language and target language．

It is clear that the domesticating or the foreignizing strategies cannot solve all the problems in translating tourist texts．A new strategy，namely，neutralizing，may be able to be put forward as the criterion for the translation of tourist texts and can help promote cultural exchange because the translator should try their best to transfer the cultural message from the original text to the target text while retaining readability and acceptability of the translation．Here the neutralizing strategy does not simply mean the mixture of the domesticating and the foreignizing．It refers to the act and process of constantly modulating their own awareness of what they translate，to satisfy the reader＇s needs and to achieve correlative equivalents between the ST and the TT．In other words，the translation of tourist texts does not rely on either strategy and the translator fully takes into account all the cultural elements existing in the text whenever necessary．Newmark，who put forward the“correlative approach to translation” ，states that“The more important the language of the original or source language text，the more closely it should be translated．”According to this approach，seven methods are suggested to cope with different kinds of texts: component analysis，modulation，descriptive equivalent，functional equivalent，cultural equivalent，synonymy and paraphrase(Newmark，1991: 1: 33)．The degree of compatibility in the first method is highest and the last is the lowest．Different texts and different contents of the same text can be translated by different methods．As translators for tourist texts，they may follow the three step approach for neutralizing．The first step is to modulate the translator ＇s awareness of what features a tourist text possesses，and constantly judge what kinds of texts is being translated and what differences and similarities may exist between the original text and the target text．From there the translator should analyse what the target reader may feel when reading the translation．The second step is to satisfy the reader＇s needs．In other words，the translator should follow the tourist-oriented strategy and understands what the reader needs may entail and then manage to meet such needs．The last is to achieve different equivalents between the ST and the TT，terms of equivalence in information，equivalent in concept，equivalent in aesthetics according to the qualities of the source text．

2)The information-oriented principle

According to the qualities of tourist texts，transferring information is one of the most important functions in translation．In order to perform such a function，the translator has to follow the information-oriented principle，supply the reader with enough information from the original text and help them understand the culture and history of the ST．In other words，the translator should always think of what the target reader may be thinking，ascertain as much as possible what the reader may wish to find in the tourist text，and supply them with enough information to supplement what they already have．The purpose is to reach an equivalent in information．

3)The association-applied principle

Newmark(1981: 39-48)once remarked ，“Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader，who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities，and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary．”The translator is here required to transfer foreign elements into the readers own culture．But this is not all that he or she does in translating．We also take retaining the original culture into consideration．In other words，the domesticating and foreignizing methods should be simultaneously used so as to maintain both cultures．Such association principle，especially in C-E translation，can help close and bridge the cultural voids or gaps，create the association with them and perform the vocative function as well．Liang Shanbo (梁山伯)and Zhu Yingtai (祝英台)，for instance，is a folk legend，which tells the story about a young man and a woman who were deeply in love，and they turned into two butterflies and flew away wing to wing because their parents were opposed to their marriage．We cannot use transliteration here because it＇s a moving love story．It was once translated into “The Butterfly Lovers”or “The Romance of the Butterfly” ，which is a good translation．We also can follow the association principle to translate“Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai”into English“the Romeo and Juliet of China” ．

This example clearly tells us that the association principle can help the reader create association with their own culture and history，and improve the mutual understanding between the two cultures in tourist texts．In this case，the translations show consideration for the foreign reader＇s cognitive settings，textual effect due to the correlativeness，and favorably disseminate the traditional Chinese culture to the world．

4)The concept-based principle

The concept-based principle is primarily used for the words or phrases of the tourist texts bearing cultural or historical elements，which cannot reflect the culture-specific conceptual meanings．It is employed to supply what the ST should have but does not have and to establish communication with the target reader．Its function is to directly convey the concepts of history and culture of the source text，disseminate the culture of the original，and draw the reader＇s focus on the scenic spot．“Trinity College” in the city of Oxford，for example，should be translated into三一学院，not特里尼蒂学院because the word“Trinity”has an important position in Westerners ＇ minds，and bears the cultural background．Such examples as “All Souls” (万灵学院)，Madame Tussand＇s(图索德夫人蜡像馆)，Stonehenge(巨石阵)，etc．also can show this case．

C-E translation also can follow this principle．The City of Nanjing，for instance，is famous for its yuhuashi (雨花石)，which is a kind of colourful and beautiful stone made of quartzite，opal and chalcedony and usually sold in tourist shops．But it has several English translations，e．g．，“Rain Flower Stone” ，“Yuhua Pebbles” ，“Yuhua Stones”and“Rain Flower Pebbles”as found in tourist texts．Some foreign readers may be puzzled about these and think that it might be different stones．The translator has to put himself or herself in the reader＇s position．To English-speaking readers，stone and pebble are quite different．The word“stone”refers to “the hard compact non-metallic material of which rocks are made”(Hanks，1979: 1432)and “pebble”refers to “a small usually round stone especially when worn and rounded by the action of water”(Gove，P．B．et al，2002)on the seashore or a riverbed．First of all，the translator has to make a correct choice between the two words．According to geological survey，the Yangtze River ran by this area during the tertiary period and the pretty-looking stones gradually accumulated through time to become small，roundish，and smooth due to the action of water．The river changed its course because of the crustal movement and the pebbles were deposited in this area．So it is evident that choosing “pebble”is the correct choice．What about the translation of Yuhua？It was once suggested that yuhuashi should be translated into“Yuhua stones”(Wang Qiusheng，2004: 77)．This version is not very good because it doesn＇t show the connotative meaning of Yuhua．Foreign readers do not know what Yuhua or yuhuashi is．Tradition had it that the eminent monk，Yun Guang(云光)，in Nan Dynasty(420-589，A．D．)preached a sermon in Nanjing and incessantly talked about Buddhism．The audience was intoxicated with his profound knowledge and eloquence．The Heaven was moved to tears，and then dropped flower rain to the ground，which turned multicolored stones that were later called Yuhuashi．According to the legend，it may be translated into“Flower-rain Pebbles” ．If it appears in the tourist text rather than the title，it is also necessary to illustrate it and even explain it by the legend．

7．1．4．6　Common methods in translating tourist texts旅游文本翻译的常用方法

To be honest，there mainly exist two sorts of difficulties facing the translator in translating tourist texts．One is the difficulty caused by the lexical voids and cultural impact between two languages．Because of the different histories，geographical conditions，faiths and customs，some mismatch words，also called culture-loaded words or culturebound words，definitely appear between two languages．The other is the difficulty caused by the different style and rhetoric of writing between two languages．As a result，some translation methods should be used in translating tourist texts．

The accurate and proper choice of words is actually needed in translation．Vocabulary is the unstable element of a language as it undergoes constant changes both in form and content．In comparison with Chinese，English words are characterized by greater vacillation and flexibility．In other words，each English word when used in different contexts will have somewhat different meanings，whereas Chinese words are more rigorous，accurate and fixed in meaning．Sometimes it is hard for a translator to select its meaning when encountering a tricky word，which really requires accuracy in translation．

Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou，you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortablestay，because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit allbudgets andtastes…(Sapna Nayyar，Beijing Review)

　无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达郑州，下榻此处会让你备感舒适，这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品位的要求……

Comments In this short passage，the underlined words“stay” ，“budgets”and“tastes”are very common in English．Instead of the literal translations逗留，预算and口味，they should be translated，by means of proper choice of words，into下榻，档次and品位．This requires the translator to be faithful to the original and pay special attention to the polysemy or the indeterminacy of the English language in choosing Chinese words，so that he or she can improve the translation quality．So we can say that translation quality of tourist texts is strongly influenced by accuracy and faithfulness to the original and by the fidelity of the words we choose．

2)Addition or Amplification

The translation methods addition or amplification has been in detail discussed in Chapter 2．Some other contents about it will be supplemented in this section．Aiming at translation of tourist texts，we will supplement rhetorical amplification and amplification by notes which are often used in translating tourist texts．A couple of examples are analyzed below．

Tower，domes，balanced rocks，and arches have been formed over millions of years of weathering and erosion，and the process continues，constantly reshaping this fantastical rock garden．(Arches National Park，National Geographic)

　岁月沧桑，风化雨蚀，造就了这里奇特的山体风貌:漫山“巨塔”高耸，“穹丘”浑圆，“不倒翁”摇摇欲坠，“大拱门”凌空而起，奇形怪状，自然天成。大自然造物不尽，还在不断创造新的神奇。

Comments: The original text is terse and simple，which suits English style of writing．But we can not translate it completely according to its writing manner and sequence．Instead，the method rhetorical amplification can be used here in Chinese version so as to accord with Chinese writing style．If we read and compare the source and target texts for several times，the functional equivalence has been achieved not only by rhetorical effect but also by vivid expression．

City Cruises Plc Dose Not Accept Liability for Any Loss(including theft)，Damage to Belongs or Personal Injury Unless We Are Legally Responsible．

　泰晤士河游轮公司对于物品遗失(包括失窃)、财产损失以及个人伤害所造成的任何损伤概不承担责任，除非另有法律规定。

Comments This is a sign of tourist attraction beside Thames in London．This sign clearly lists the three situations，any loss(including theft)，damage to belongs or personal injury，that they are not accept liability for，and claims that unless we are legally responsible as well．It is terse and accurate in language，and simple and formal in syntax．But literal translation can＇t be used here because the Chinese version is not expressive nor communicative．Therefore，rhetorical amplification is needed．The underlined parts物品、任何损伤概、规定are necessarily added．

3)Structural division and combination

Because of the differences in structure between English and Chinese，it is impossible for us to ensure their complete correspondence．This requires us to cope with the structure of target texts by means of division and combination．Now look at the following examples．

The fanciful names at Arches National Park like Fiery Furnace，The Gossip，Marching Men，Dark Angels，etc．do justice to theotherworldly rockformations they denote．(Arches National Park，National Geographic)

　石拱门国家公园内各景点的名称可谓五花八门、极富创新: “火炉烈焰” 、“三个女人一台戏” 、“进行者” 、“黑天使”等等。这些名称用来形容那满山造型怪异的山石群像可谓名副其实、惟妙惟肖。

Comments The original only has one well-organized sentence．But we should divide it into two parts in the translation，instead of the original structure，and add the part这些名称用来to combine the two sentences．

Although the state(Hawaii)is located in the tropical zone，its climate is comfortable because of the ocean currents that pass its shores and winds that blow across the land from the northeast．The temperature usually remains close to the annual average of 24 degrees Centigrade．

　夏威夷地处热带，气候却温和宜人，年均温度常年在摄氏24度左右。岛上时时刮过的东北风，伴着太平洋吹来的阵阵海风，让人备感凉爽舒适。

Comments: The first sentence of the original is well-organized but a little bit long．It should be divided to be translated according to Chinese writing style，and so the part“close to the annual average of 24 degrees Centigrade”is placed near the front so that the semantic meaning becomes clear．In addition，the part让人备感凉爽舒适is added in the end in order to keep the meaning expressive and natural．

4)Textual adjustment and adaptation

Textual adjustment and adaptation refers to the method that the whole translated text should be adjusted to suit the reader＇s reading habit and to highlight the expressive and vocative functions to the reader．It had better be done in one paragraph．It has the following advantages: connection and coherence，logical relationship between sentences，reconstruction and adaptation of the translated text，consideration of the translated text as a whole．

Cape Breton Highlands National Park stretches across the northern part of Nova Scotia＇s Cape Breton Island，embracing the best the island has to offer．Franked on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and on the west by the Gulf of St．Lawrence，this magnificent preserve of highland plateau offers steep headlands，rich bogs，and windblown barrens(home to rare arctic and alpine plants)，crystalline lakes and swift-running streams sandy beaches，Acadian forests，and deep canyons．Made of some of the oldest visible rock on the planet，this rugged land was shaped by uplift，erosion，and glaciers，beginning between one billion and 345 million ago．(Cape Breton Highlands National Park，National Geographic)

　布里多尼角国家高地公园位于加拿大布里多尼岛，东边为大西洋，西边为圣劳伦斯海湾，地处该岛最佳位置，范围覆盖新斯科舍省北部全境。岛上景色壮丽，一派原始山地高原风光:海岬陡峭，泥沼肥沃，深峡幽谷，碧涧清潭，急流走溪水，沙滩遍海滨，那山风肆虐的荒坡是稀有的北极高山植物家园，那大片的林地是著名的阿卡迪亚原始森林。该岛由地球上仅存的最古老岩石构成，3. 45亿年到10亿年前经地壳隆起、自然风化和冰川的作用，形成了岛上巨岩叠嶂的崎岖山地风貌。

Comments The translator uses the method inversion to adjust the order of the original and then reorganize the translated text．The order is that the geographical position is first，the specific scenic spot is second，and the sentence order are then rearranged according to Chinese writing style．The purpose is to keep the translated text rhythmical，fluid and expressive．Additionally，the words and phrases “preserve” ，“visible”and“windblown barrens”are put into原始的、仅存的、山风肆虐的荒坡respectively，which seem to be appropriate．

7．1. 4 Tourist Translation旅游翻译

7．1. 4　Tourist Translation旅游翻译